Hypercritical

◼   ► you can't thread this thing through [TS]

◼   ► until the needle comes down but you got [TS]

◼   ► to make sure the needle is all the way [TS]

◼   ► down before you grab it then you what [TS]

◼   ► you have to start and stop a piece of [TS]

◼   ► machinery from moving it's there is a [TS]

◼   ► limit how fast a sewing machine can [TS]

◼   ► operate this is hypercritical weekly [TS]

◼   ► talk show ruminating on exactly what's [TS]

◼   ► wrong we'll have apple related [TS]

◼   ► technologies and businesses nothing is [TS]

◼   ► so perfect that it can't be complained [TS]

◼   ► about by my friend and yours John [TS]

◼   ► siracusa I'm Dan Benjamin today is [TS]

◼   ► Friday November 16 2012 this is episode [TS]

◼   ► number 94 of our beloved hypercritical [TS]

◼   ► show we would like to say thank you very [TS]

◼   ► much to our sponsors today squarespace [TS]

◼   ► com hover com and lynda.com who are [TS]

◼   ► collaborating to make this show possible [TS]

◼   ► we also want to thank mutual mobile [TS]

◼   ► these guys are super passionate about [TS]

◼   ► iOS as a platform they have a large [TS]

◼   ► dedicated team all these guys do is [TS]

◼   ► conceived deliver and support mobile [TS]

◼   ► solutions for global brands and you know [TS]

◼   ► what they want some help they want some [TS]

◼   ► help they trust your engineers freedom [TS]

◼   ► to make technical decisions by hiring [TS]

◼   ► smart talented people to their team and [TS]

◼   ► that's you they want you you need to [TS]

◼   ► come in and once you do iOS work with [TS]

◼   ► them they're a great company they [TS]

◼   ► support the iOS community they do [TS]

◼   ► meetups they do hackathons to do all the [TS]

◼   ► cool stuff and just by going and looking [TS]

◼   ► at this job you can support this show [TS]

◼   ► careers dot mutual mobile com such [TS]

◼   ► five-by-five go there to learn more and [TS]

◼   ► of course we'd be irresponsible and [TS]

◼   ► potentially liable if we did not mention [TS]

◼   ► the bandwidth for November's brought to [TS]

◼   ► you by mind node mind mapping app for [TS]

◼   ► mac and iOS and brainstorm your project [TS]

◼   ► you can organize your life you plan your [TS]

◼   ► vacation don't matter they late collect [TS]

◼   ► structure expand your ideas they have [TS]

◼   ► icloud sharing keep your mind maps with [TS]

◼   ► you very very cool app beloved mind node [TS]

◼   ► dot-com how are you doing today John [TS]

◼   ► siracusa I'm just fine you still the [TS]

◼   ► same end time we got to be out of here [TS]

◼   ► by noon well what time is our thing over [TS]

◼   ► to Evernote 1145 and we need to prep for [TS]

◼   ► it a little bit and I'd say fifteen [TS]

◼   ► minutes to get over there yeah I mean if [TS]

◼   ► we go if we go 15 minutes past it's fine [TS]

◼   ► so 1215 all right well we gotta get [TS]

◼   ► started then let's do it boom yeah we [TS]

◼   ► got [TS]

◼   ► one major topic of follow-up and then [TS]

◼   ► one main topic for the show so maybe [TS]

◼   ► we'll fit it in we'll see first let's [TS]

◼   ► start with some little tiny follow-up [TS]

◼   ► first one is from one canepa CA and the [TS]

◼   ► EPA okay I did on that while back we [TS]

◼   ► talked about the microsoft surface and [TS]

◼   ► how much free space was available on it [TS]

◼   ► right up because the OS and bail office [TS]

◼   ► took up a lot of room yes and they don't [TS]

◼   ► have a 16 gig model daily up 32 and the [TS]

◼   ► last show I think I mentioned that one [TS]

◼   ► of the big outs that you get with [TS]

◼   ► Microsoft services that it's got or the [TS]

◼   ► surface RT anyways you got a place to [TS]

◼   ► plug in an SD card and SD cards are [TS]

◼   ► cheap by third-party SD card shoved in [TS]

◼   ► there by 64 gig SD card and suddenly [TS]

◼   ► your surface has tons of space well one [TS]

◼   ► writes in to tell me and the world that [TS]

◼   ► that's all well and good but apparently [TS]

◼   ► you can't install applications on the SD [TS]

◼   ► card so you can put photos and videos [TS]

◼   ► and things that are actually big but the [TS]

◼   ► applications have to be on the main [TS]

◼   ► system I don't think that's a big [TS]

◼   ► limiting factor but it does explain how [TS]

◼   ► they manage to deal with like what [TS]

◼   ► happens if I yank up the SD card do a [TS]

◼   ► bunch of my apps disappear well no [TS]

◼   ► because you can't put any apps on uh-huh [TS]

◼   ► so that's interesting compromise and i [TS]

◼   ► believe is only applies to the RT when [TS]

◼   ► the surface pro comes that I think you [TS]

◼   ► will be able to put apps there but we'll [TS]

◼   ► see alright another little tidbit from [TS]

◼   ► Ali Hawkins last week he talked about [TS]

◼   ► putting music behind ads you actually [TS]

◼   ► talked about this on build and analyzed [TS]

◼   ► to how you had put the music track [TS]

◼   ► behind that ad read you did when Marco [TS]

◼   ► had the ad on Howard Stern Show and I [TS]

◼   ► asked you what the name of that thing [TS]

◼   ► was called you didn't quite know a [TS]

◼   ► couple people wrote in including Ali to [TS]

◼   ► say that that's called a bed apparently [TS]

◼   ► yeah I that's just something that I [TS]

◼   ► should have been able to respond to I've [TS]

◼   ► heard it referred to as a couple [TS]

◼   ► different things bed is the correct term [TS]

◼   ► music bed if you want to get specific [TS]

◼   ► about it there you go but there you go [TS]

◼   ► now the world knows all right now on to [TS]

◼   ► the main topic of follow-up which [TS]

◼   ► believe it or not actually shouldn't be [TS]

◼   ► surprising as one of the small things we [TS]

◼   ► talked about last week was a voting [TS]

◼   ► technology [TS]

◼   ► this is not a political show John that's [TS]

◼   ► right I was happy to see that we didn't [TS]

◼   ► get any feedback as far as I saw from [TS]

◼   ► people who are angry about politics [TS]

◼   ► because we didn't talk about politics we [TS]

◼   ► just talked about voting technology but [TS]

◼   ► there were lots of people who are not [TS]

◼   ► angry but engaged on the topic of voting [TS]

◼   ► technology I'm going to read a couple of [TS]

◼   ► snippets of feedback here and you tell [TS]

◼   ► me if you would notice a theme mostly [TS]

◼   ► because I cherry picked these and it [TS]

◼   ► makes it look like this a theme but now [TS]

◼   ► this really was the theme of a lot of [TS]

◼   ► feedback to the first is from andreas [TS]

◼   ► hartl he says paper-based method without [TS]

◼   ► anything more high-tech than a ballpoint [TS]

◼   ► pen does work vote counting can be [TS]

◼   ► verified by anybody without [TS]

◼   ► sophisticated technical or mathematical [TS]

◼   ► skills it's only downside is that you [TS]

◼   ► have to wait a little bit longer for the [TS]

◼   ► result and he gave me a link to the 25th [TS]

◼   ► chaos communication congress website [TS]

◼   ► where they had a paper and a [TS]

◼   ► presentation on a voting technology i [TS]

◼   ► put them both in the show notes so you [TS]

◼   ► can read the paper and also watch the [TS]

◼   ► video which is kind of long and boring [TS]

◼   ► but it's all there and the the paper is [TS]

◼   ► avoiding after any da p which is a [TS]

◼   ► german voting system and digital pin [TS]

◼   ► which is another kind of electronic [TS]

◼   ► voting and subtitle is why cryptography [TS]

◼   ► might not fix the issue of transparent [TS]

◼   ► elections and is a little bit from the [TS]

◼   ► abstract these methods introduce a level [TS]

◼   ► of complexity into elections which [TS]

◼   ► prevents most voters from understanding [TS]

◼   ► the election process and its [TS]

◼   ► verification where elections are [TS]

◼   ► currently controlled by the people trust [TS]

◼   ► in the ability of experts is required [TS]

◼   ► when cryptographic methods are [TS]

◼   ► introduced the next bit of feedback is [TS]

◼   ► from Leonard if I'm pronouncing isn't [TS]

◼   ► incorrectly because it's felt a little [TS]

◼   ► bit differently there's one thing that [TS]

◼   ► paper voting system has going for that [TS]

◼   ► no computer system will ever get it's [TS]

◼   ► entirely comprehensible observable and [TS]

◼   ► provable by the simplest educated [TS]

◼   ► persons this is essential for trust in [TS]

◼   ► the voting process what are you saying [TS]

◼   ► is that that anybody with just the basic [TS]

◼   ► understanding of making a mark on a [TS]

◼   ► paper in a certain place can verify this [TS]

◼   ► right versus the electronic and [TS]

◼   ► cryptographic ones require master's [TS]

◼   ► level computer science degree of you'll [TS]

◼   ► figure it out all right he says contrast [TS]

◼   ► this to making a cross in a circle [TS]

◼   ► putting it in a box and they [TS]

◼   ► counting the votes and two piles it's so [TS]

◼   ► simple that even a six-year-old can get [TS]

◼   ► it a six-year-old could observe me doing [TS]

◼   ► it and testified cheatham a six-year-old [TS]

◼   ► can verify my result he does not need to [TS]

◼   ► trust me and he said any computer system [TS]

◼   ► has the problem that is basically magic [TS]

◼   ► to normal people he also says they have [TS]

◼   ► a word in German about this but I'm not [TS]

◼   ► going to try to pronounce it I'll come [TS]

◼   ► on no come on out but apparently is it [TS]

◼   ► means roughly that a ruling group has [TS]

◼   ► now it has a knowledge advantage that [TS]

◼   ► they could use to control the uneducated [TS]

◼   ► let's see next one from john berg mayor [TS]

◼   ► any system needs to be capable of paper [TS]

◼   ► recounts a lot of the theoretically very [TS]

◼   ► secure systems you mentioned doing do [TS]

◼   ► you have audible papal trails but the [TS]

◼   ► point is this but this point is so [TS]

◼   ► amazingly important that many of the [TS]

◼   ► tech nerds talk about voting misted it [TS]

◼   ► needs to be possible to conduct a [TS]

◼   ► complete hand recount without any [TS]

◼   ► computers without electricity even that [TS]

◼   ► no system ever to the end of time no [TS]

◼   ► matter what technology is ever invented [TS]

◼   ► that does not have the capability the [TS]

◼   ► capability doing a recount that can be [TS]

◼   ► conducted by candlelight without [TS]

◼   ► computers is a suitable choice next one [TS]

◼   ► is from Mike Musel I talks about what [TS]

◼   ► they have in Germany is that in Germany [TS]

◼   ► in 2009 our highest court ruled that [TS]

◼   ► voting computers we had up until then [TS]

◼   ► did violate the principles of our [TS]

◼   ► constitutions elections have certain [TS]

◼   ► requirements that must be fulfilled in [TS]

◼   ► order to be called democratic the [TS]

◼   ► manganese is the need for the election [TS]

◼   ► to be transparent to the voters and [TS]

◼   ► verifiable with our good old crosses on [TS]

◼   ► paper ballots even a ninety-year-old [TS]

◼   ► non-tech lady can stay at the polling [TS]

◼   ► station after the election is closed [TS]

◼   ► watch the ballots to be correctly [TS]

◼   ► counted and note the sum of the votes [TS]

◼   ► for each party even if you had a [TS]

◼   ► cryptographically totally secure [TS]

◼   ► voting's computer setup how could that [TS]

◼   ► nine-year-old non-tech lady know that [TS]

◼   ► everything is correct she can't she [TS]

◼   ► would have to trust the tech people how [TS]

◼   ► can she know that those people one [TS]

◼   ► hundred percent trustworthy and [TS]

◼   ► competent again she can't there's no way [TS]

◼   ► let's see if there's anything more on [TS]

◼   ► this one I just about up anyone can go [TS]

◼   ► and count the votes she has a good point [TS]

◼   ► about smartphone voting remotely or [TS]

◼   ► whatever it says even for technically [TS]

◼   ► feasible it would pose a risk that for [TS]

◼   ► example husband trusts the control house [TS]

◼   ► wife boat pilot the security print [TS]

◼   ► principal Democrat elections [TS]

◼   ► if you're not doing it in a controlled [TS]

◼   ► pulling place anonymously people who try [TS]

◼   ► to control across your boat so we did [TS]

◼   ► remote voting Omri our Beave rights in [TS]

◼   ► with a link to NPR on the media podcast [TS]

◼   ► segment about online voting and it's a [TS]

◼   ► short segment like five minutes long and [TS]

◼   ► it's about how is the country of Estonia [TS]

◼   ► has been has been doing online voting [TS]

◼   ► since 2005 they have government issued [TS]

◼   ► identification cards with the password [TS]

◼   ► and that's the only real security [TS]

◼   ► measure taken when they just basically [TS]

◼   ► you know over the internet do their [TS]

◼   ► votes so you want to hear how that's [TS]

◼   ► working out in a country that's actually [TS]

◼   ► doing it and the pros and cons of that [TS]

◼   ► approach take a look at that also in the [TS]

◼   ► show notes so show notes five by five [TS]

◼   ► dot TV such hypercritical / 94 yes many [TS]

◼   ► many links we've already just burned [TS]

◼   ► through in this quick follow-up so the [TS]

◼   ► theme here as you can see is the idea [TS]

◼   ► that you need to have a you need to have [TS]

◼   ► a way to both understand like you know [TS]

◼   ► non-technical birth needs to be able to [TS]

◼   ► understand what's going on the voting [TS]

◼   ► system and also the boring system still [TS]

◼   ► needs to work ah by candlelight with no [TS]

◼   ► electricity hmm now the first thing imma [TS]

◼   ► say on this topic is that a secure you [TS]

◼   ► know and inaudible electronic voting [TS]

◼   ► system doesn't preclude any of these [TS]

◼   ► things in fact some of these systems [TS]

◼   ► that were linked in that in the past [TS]

◼   ► shows show notes showed that yes the you [TS]

◼   ► know just because you use cryptography [TS]

◼   ► and electronic things to make the thing [TS]

◼   ► auditable and secure and all that stuff [TS]

◼   ► doesn't mean that you don't also have [TS]

◼   ► okay so say the power was out no one has [TS]

◼   ► any computers because it's like the [TS]

◼   ► terrible premise of the show revolution [TS]

◼   ► you still end up with a bunch of paper [TS]

◼   ► artifacts that you could then hand count [TS]

◼   ► manually right so it's not you know [TS]

◼   ► various voting systems passed or failed [TS]

◼   ► this thing but there's nothing inherent [TS]

◼   ► about electronic voting or [TS]

◼   ► cryptographically secure voting that [TS]

◼   ► doesn't say also you have you know it [TS]

◼   ► doesn't preclude you having this [TS]

◼   ► auditable paper trail right ah so most [TS]

◼   ► of these feedback you know acknowledge [TS]

◼   ► that but the other thing is to said you [TS]

◼   ► know all right so you can make it secure [TS]

◼   ► an electronic or whatever better you [TS]

◼   ► also have to sort of degrade gracefully [TS]

◼   ► there has to be a paper trail an [TS]

◼   ► artifact in the ability to do a Henry [TS]

◼   ► count but that aside I don't think any [TS]

◼   ► of these requirements you know eliminate [TS]

◼   ► electronic voting another thing in [TS]

◼   ► Germany Bailey had to eliminate the [TS]

◼   ► cruddy electronic voting machines they [TS]

◼   ► had and by the way several people from [TS]

◼   ► different countries wrote in to say that [TS]

◼   ► they have similar problems the US where [TS]

◼   ► when electronic voting machines were [TS]

◼   ► rolled out they were worse in all [TS]

◼   ► possible ways than the things that they [TS]

◼   ► were replacing we have the same problem [TS]

◼   ► the United States pointed last showbiz [TS]

◼   ► that that doesn't need to be the case [TS]

◼   ► that we have the smarts to make this [TS]

◼   ► better but it is important to recognize [TS]

◼   ► it just making electronic usually seems [TS]

◼   ► to go terribly wrong because of just you [TS]

◼   ► know corruption and competence and all [TS]

◼   ► the usual things that happen in [TS]

◼   ► government but I want to think about [TS]

◼   ► this idea that the the election both [TS]

◼   ► these idea is that that an election [TS]

◼   ► system needs to work by candlelight and [TS]

◼   ► the people need to understand so first [TS]

◼   ► the candlelight one people I understand [TS]

◼   ► people fearing comforted by the idea [TS]

◼   ► that if a giant EMP goes often destroys [TS]

◼   ► all electricity producing things or [TS]

◼   ► whatever crazy scenario you want to come [TS]

◼   ► out with that we can you know you a [TS]

◼   ► bunch of old ladies could do the recount [TS]

◼   ► like you don't need to understand [TS]

◼   ► anything you just need to look at pieces [TS]

◼   ► of paper and put them into piles and [TS]

◼   ► then count the things in the pile and [TS]

◼   ► you have 20 different people do this [TS]

◼   ► it's completely comprehensible the [TS]

◼   ► comfort of that is obvious like you [TS]

◼   ► don't like something that you don't [TS]

◼   ► understand but the comfort of that I [TS]

◼   ► think is mostly theoretical because [TS]

◼   ► there's no way that any single person is [TS]

◼   ► going to be able to hand count all the [TS]

◼   ► votes for any country or a significant [TS]

◼   ► size all right a group of people can [TS]

◼   ► hand count them in a distributed manner [TS]

◼   ► and then they add up their sums and you [TS]

◼   ► have people repeated or whatever but in [TS]

◼   ► general it you know you can never have [TS]

◼   ► every single person in the country get [TS]

◼   ► their hands on all the paper ballots [TS]

◼   ► like say you took all the paper ballots [TS]

◼   ► and the country the size of the US and [TS]

◼   ► each person the entire country got a [TS]

◼   ► chance to hand count them to verify for [TS]

◼   ► themselves well that's just obviously [TS]

◼   ► not going to work right so in all cases [TS]

◼   ► you're trusting that some group of [TS]

◼   ► people that is not you is trustworthy in [TS]

◼   ► some way or at least it there that their [TS]

◼   ► biases are counter to each other and [TS]

◼   ► balance each other out or whatever [TS]

◼   ► but people like to just think that you [TS]

◼   ► know okay well I'm not going to hang out [TS]

◼   ► the ballots and no 10 is going to Hank [TS]

◼   ► out the balance but I do though that 17 [TS]

◼   ► people hand counted the ballots and half [TS]

◼   ► of them were for party a and half of [TS]

◼   ► them from a party B and if they keep [TS]

◼   ► coming up with the same numbers i trust [TS]

◼   ► those number right I don't quite see the [TS]

◼   ► connection between that distributed [TS]

◼   ► trust where you didn't do it your friend [TS]

◼   ► didn't do it but eventually there's some [TS]

◼   ► group of people who actually had [TS]

◼   ► encountered the things and anyone can [TS]

◼   ► volunteer to count them liking all [TS]

◼   ► countries like Jeremy and stuff anyone [TS]

◼   ► can go down there and count them and [TS]

◼   ► satisfy themselves but everybody can't [TS]

◼   ► go down account so there is some remote [TS]

◼   ► trust and the idea that okay but I [TS]

◼   ► understand what they're doing they're [TS]

◼   ► just looking at pieces of paper and [TS]

◼   ► counting them sorting them into piles I [TS]

◼   ► understand that process I don't think [TS]

◼   ► those things are as connected as people [TS]

◼   ► seem to think they are ah that because [TS]

◼   ► you understand the system therefore this [TS]

◼   ► indirect trust is more trustworthy right [TS]

◼   ► because indirect trust for set work for [TS]

◼   ► when you're saying I don't you know [TS]

◼   ► these mathematicians assure me that it's [TS]

◼   ► correct but I don't know these [TS]

◼   ► mathematicians right that indirect dress [TS]

◼   ► is no good but the indirect trust of [TS]

◼   ► seven people away from you a bunch of [TS]

◼   ► people counted a piece of paper that's [TS]

◼   ► better because you're like okay not only [TS]

◼   ► am I trusting these people who are not [TS]

◼   ► me but I understand what they're doing [TS]

◼   ► therefore I feel like I'm less likely to [TS]

◼   ► be cheated my argument would be that [TS]

◼   ► it's much easier to like if those people [TS]

◼   ► were cheating or there was some sort of [TS]

◼   ► organized cheating conspiracy there [TS]

◼   ► there is nothing that anyone else can do [TS]

◼   ► to verify that they're not cheating [TS]

◼   ► except for count them themselves whereas [TS]

◼   ► and this is I think you know this is may [TS]

◼   ► come back to people not understanding [TS]

◼   ► the the mathematical details of [TS]

◼   ► cryptography and stuff like that or I [TS]

◼   ► mean I don't understand the mathematical [TS]

◼   ► details but just like the consequences [TS]

◼   ► of it if you can imagine a system where [TS]

◼   ► uh you add up a bunch of numbers and you [TS]

◼   ► come up with a total like 12 or 13 right [TS]

◼   ► and what you want to know is did my vote [TS]

◼   ► contribute to that number 12 it seems [TS]

◼   ► impossible because you just thought up [TS]

◼   ► with the number 12 you have no idea if [TS]

◼   ► your vote was part of that 12 right how [TS]

◼   ► can how can you ever know that you know [TS]

◼   ► it was just 12 was made up of a bunch of [TS]

◼   ► votes maybe one of those was yours maybe [TS]

◼   ► it wasn't maybe your [TS]

◼   ► was counted maybe it wasn't you just [TS]

◼   ► know number 12 will imagine the system [TS]

◼   ► where you could come up with a total [TS]

◼   ► number of votes and you could be [TS]

◼   ► mathematically assured that your vote [TS]

◼   ► contributed to that total this is the [TS]

◼   ► getting into the magic thing it's like [TS]

◼   ► what do you mean that makes no sense you [TS]

◼   ► can't tell if your number contribute at [TS]

◼   ► all that's impossible well there are [TS]

◼   ► things that you can do mathematically to [TS]

◼   ► make that so that you can confirm that [TS]

◼   ► your vote really did contribute to the [TS]

◼   ► total and that if your vote wasn't [TS]

◼   ► counted towards a total in the correct [TS]

◼   ► manner the total would not validate in a [TS]

◼   ► particular way uh this is going to help [TS]

◼   ► anybody because this is even more [TS]

◼   ► complicated but if you ever go read up [TS]

◼   ► on Bitcoin which is this distributed [TS]

◼   ► fiat currency / scam / whatever you know [TS]

◼   ► you know I don't know how you want to [TS]

◼   ► talk about wait why are you calling a [TS]

◼   ► scam that's not a scam but like it's [TS]

◼   ► it's an economic thing where it's kind [TS]

◼   ► of like gambling but not really but the [TS]

◼   ► currency and the imaginary nature of [TS]

◼   ► money is a topic that's beyond the scope [TS]

◼   ► of this podcast we're talking right now [TS]

◼   ► but the one thing Bitcoin does have [TS]

◼   ► going for it is that it has the system [TS]

◼   ► whereby everybody who's part of the [TS]

◼   ► Bitcoin system can tell whether a [TS]

◼   ► transaction is valid or not like you [TS]

◼   ► can't sneak in an invalid transaction [TS]

◼   ► that you know puts more money into one [TS]

◼   ► account that it took then it took out of [TS]

◼   ► the other or whatever because this is [TS]

◼   ► consensus type of algorithm and those [TS]

◼   ► things will be invalidated and it's [TS]

◼   ► basically possible to tell whether the [TS]

◼   ► money that you put it in correctly [TS]

◼   ► transferred to over there ah [TS]

◼   ► mathematically and so that's that you [TS]

◼   ► know that ignores all the whether it's a [TS]

◼   ► good idea to get into Bitcoin and then [TS]

◼   ► how much it's valued and stuff like that [TS]

◼   ► just simply the foundation of being able [TS]

◼   ► to tell that these inputs produce this [TS]

◼   ► output in this particular way and that [TS]

◼   ► everybody in the system has to agree on [TS]

◼   ► it for the system to move forward agree [TS]

◼   ► sounds like it's something anyway it's [TS]

◼   ► it's basically a much more complicated [TS]

◼   ► version of the thing that I was saying [TS]

◼   ► where if you have a total number you [TS]

◼   ► want to know that your vote counted [TS]

◼   ► towards it and that's something you can [TS]

◼   ► do with math there's always going to be [TS]

◼   ► a secret somewhere of some secret key or [TS]

◼   ► some other things being corrupted or [TS]

◼   ► stolen but trusting that there's a [TS]

◼   ► mathematical foundation to proving [TS]

◼   ► whether something happened or not [TS]

◼   ► I i think is better than trusting that [TS]

◼   ► people you don't know and never going to [TS]

◼   ► meet have hand counted these things [TS]

◼   ► simply because you think they're you [TS]

◼   ► know balancing each other off and if [TS]

◼   ► they were cheating they would catch each [TS]

◼   ► other whatever like there's nothing [TS]

◼   ► there's nothing to hang your hat on [TS]

◼   ► mathematically that you can use to to [TS]

◼   ► prove that those guys did the right [TS]

◼   ► thing you basically just have to trust [TS]

◼   ► them whereas if you have a [TS]

◼   ► cryptographically secure assistant [TS]

◼   ► whether you understand it or not uh [TS]

◼   ► there should be enough smart people in [TS]

◼   ► the world assuring you on both sides of [TS]

◼   ► the coin that like look if you do this [TS]

◼   ► you'll be able to tell whether your vote [TS]

◼   ► was counted and I do get the wrong ansel [TS]

◼   ► your note you know your vote wasn't [TS]

◼   ► counted and the things required cheat on [TS]

◼   ► this you know would be you know that [TS]

◼   ► they can lay out the exact parameters [TS]

◼   ► there's no there's no spy craft you [TS]

◼   ► could do to corrupt the system in a way [TS]

◼   ► that wouldn't be detectable except for [TS]

◼   ► you know stealing secret keys or [TS]

◼   ► something uh now just because I I I have [TS]

◼   ► more trust in mathematics combined with [TS]

◼   ► this remote trucks than people doing the [TS]

◼   ► other things like they'd rather have the [TS]

◼   ► comfort doesn't mean that this is that [TS]

◼   ► these people all don't have points that [TS]

◼   ► this is all well and good and you can [TS]

◼   ► try to like and put it on a blackboard [TS]

◼   ► and explain to people how it works and [TS]

◼   ► stuff but the bottom line is if they [TS]

◼   ► don't trust it it's not good because you [TS]

◼   ► know you want a system that everybody [TS]

◼   ► trusts whether people trust it is not [TS]

◼   ► necessarily connected to whether it is [TS]

◼   ► more or less trustworthy so I think [TS]

◼   ► their their point on it being able to be [TS]

◼   ► counted by candle light stands not so [TS]

◼   ► much on the merits of the technology but [TS]

◼   ► on the fact that most of the world [TS]

◼   ► probably agrees with them and in the end [TS]

◼   ► this is a system that everyone has to [TS]

◼   ► agree is fair for things to work well so [TS]

◼   ► if that's if that is unchangeable and [TS]

◼   ► you cannot convince the world that [TS]

◼   ► you're secure voting system actually is [TS]

◼   ► secure and you cannot convince them that [TS]

◼   ► you can show them how to secure it and [TS]

◼   ► that it's more secure than other [TS]

◼   ► alternatives it doesn't matter if it's [TS]

◼   ► really more secure not all it matters is [TS]

◼   ► what they think of course that's the [TS]

◼   ► ultimate election hack the fact that it [TS]

◼   ► doesn't really matter what actually [TS]

◼   ► happens in the election all that matters [TS]

◼   ► is that everyone involved or almost [TS]

◼   ► everyone involved agrees that it was [TS]

◼   ► fair whether it was really fair not [TS]

◼   ► almost immaterial if you were the best [TS]

◼   ► way to cheat an election is to do it in [TS]

◼   ► such a way that everyone agrees that the [TS]

◼   ► result is fair [TS]

◼   ► so that's kind of depressing but but [TS]

◼   ► anyway I think their point stands like I [TS]

◼   ► said I think any decent [TS]

◼   ► cryptographically secure voting system [TS]

◼   ► will also and must also include a paper [TS]

◼   ► trail and all the things that to be able [TS]

◼   ► to be hand countered and if the security [TS]

◼   ► is just extra on top of it oh and I also [TS]

◼   ► want to get back to one of the piece in [TS]

◼   ► the feedback of like the only thing you [TS]

◼   ► get from an electronic auditable roading [TS]

◼   ► record is that it's uh it's faster [TS]

◼   ► depart to tabulate the results that is [TS]

◼   ► not one of the goals of these systems or [TS]

◼   ► shouldn't be ready shortly speed it [TS]

◼   ► should be accuracy or not just accuracy [TS]

◼   ► but like it's an extra level [TS]

◼   ► verification like you've got all the [TS]

◼   ► same old verification with pieces of [TS]

◼   ► paper and people can hand recount them [TS]

◼   ► do a lot stuff but also this is extra [TS]

◼   ► layer of security on top of that that [TS]

◼   ► gives you that you didn't have before [TS]

◼   ► like for example before you didn't have [TS]

◼   ► the ability to like go to a website and [TS]

◼   ► enter in some secret code that you got [TS]

◼   ► in your little paper receipt and find [TS]

◼   ► out whether your vote was counted or not [TS]

◼   ► you may not understand that you may [TS]

◼   ► think it's all a lie and it's totally [TS]

◼   ► fabricated and not given you know any [TS]

◼   ► credence whatsoever that's fine because [TS]

◼   ► it's just on top of the existing thing [TS]

◼   ► that you do trust but in general I think [TS]

◼   ► you know that that's the case where your [TS]

◼   ► your disbelief the sort of Luddite [TS]

◼   ► disbelief that electronic scan cannot [TS]

◼   ► possibly add in the extra security [TS]

◼   ► doesn't mean that it doesn't actually [TS]

◼   ► add extra security and make it more [TS]

◼   ► difficult to to corrupt and stuff like [TS]

◼   ► that so I think that's like a bonus type [TS]

◼   ► system yeah I think I basically combine [TS]

◼   ► the two whether whether you know people [TS]

◼   ► understanding it and having the paper [TS]

◼   ► trail or two separate things for one [TS]

◼   ► they kind of meld into each other uh [TS]

◼   ► yeah III don't want to call people [TS]

◼   ► luddites because they don't trust [TS]

◼   ► electronic voting because if you look at [TS]

◼   ► the history of electronic voting you [TS]

◼   ► know like everyone who wrote in [TS]

◼   ► including you know everything's happened [TS]

◼   ► in the US we've just done it so terribly [TS]

◼   ► that how could it not have a bad [TS]

◼   ► reputation I mean it's got a deserve a [TS]

◼   ► terrible reputation and especially [TS]

◼   ► people who don't understand it all they [TS]

◼   ► know is every time someone tries to [TS]

◼   ► introduce electronic voting it ends up [TS]

◼   ► being a giant disaster therefore we [TS]

◼   ► should never do anything electronically [TS]

◼   ► and that's it I was also trying to think [TS]

◼   ► of other things in the world that [TS]

◼   ► average person doesn't understand but [TS]

◼   ► the net [TS]

◼   ► less people trust it's difficult to come [TS]

◼   ► with straight through analogies but [TS]

◼   ► there are plenty of them I the problem [TS]

◼   ► is they're not exactly the same thing [TS]

◼   ► like people understand how airplanes fly [TS]

◼   ► but they have faith that they'll be in [TS]

◼   ► the air and that you know something like [TS]

◼   ► they have really have no idea like her [TS]

◼   ► you know and people don't understand how [TS]

◼   ► government works in general and how you [TS]

◼   ► know just how the machinery of [TS]

◼   ► government works in actuality but they [TS]

◼   ► trust that all this law was passed and I [TS]

◼   ► trust it was passed in a way that didn't [TS]

◼   ► involve just a bunch of guys in the back [TS]

◼   ► room chomping cigars and saying let's do [TS]

◼   ► this you know there are many things in [TS]

◼   ► the world that people don't understand [TS]

◼   ► that nevertheless put their trust in so [TS]

◼   ► I'm not of the opinion that it would be [TS]

◼   ► impossible to get human beings to trust [TS]

◼   ► an end an auditable cryptographically [TS]

◼   ► secure electronic voting system I'm of [TS]

◼   ► the opinion that it would be possible to [TS]

◼   ► it maybe you have to wait for a couple [TS]

◼   ► generations people die off and gradually [TS]

◼   ► introduce it and actually do it right [TS]

◼   ► for once and stuff like that but it [TS]

◼   ► could happen and I think the people who [TS]

◼   ► are against it would eventually die off [TS]

◼   ► and everyone else would think it's crazy [TS]

◼   ► to do it in any other way I don't think [TS]

◼   ► voting is unlike every other part of the [TS]

◼   ► human condition where it's like well [TS]

◼   ► everything else we can advance [TS]

◼   ► technology and but voting we have to do [TS]

◼   ► with rocks until the end of my voting is [TS]

◼   ► different in some fundamental way than [TS]

◼   ► anything else human beings do right [TS]

◼   ► again out it cannot be improved upon [TS]

◼   ► with modern technology it must be the [TS]

◼   ► same that it was you know right hundreds [TS]

◼   ► and hundreds and hundreds of years ago [TS]

◼   ► and there are many ways you can shoot [TS]

◼   ► down any analogy flying a plane is not [TS]

◼   ► like an election don't you understand [TS]

◼   ► electron is how we govern ourselves it's [TS]

◼   ► like meta system it's so important ball [TS]

◼   ► blah but there is you know there's [TS]

◼   ► nothing in in life that is so special [TS]

◼   ► that technology cannot touch it ever and [TS]

◼   ► it almost sounds like the intro TV show [TS]

◼   ► no nothing is so perfect that it yeah I [TS]

◼   ► don't know it's it's kind of similar [TS]

◼   ► thing but anyway uh like I said I'm not [TS]

◼   ► I'm not arguing against paper trails I [TS]

◼   ► think they have to be there and I think [TS]

◼   ► there's no reason they shouldn't be but [TS]

◼   ► I am arguing for electronic voting [TS]

◼   ► systems done right and done right means [TS]

◼   ► you have all of the benefits of the [TS]

◼   ► existing system plus many extra benefits [TS]

◼   ► on top of that that people may not care [TS]

◼   ► about or anything but as long as the [TS]

◼   ► superset of the existing security [TS]

◼   ► mechanisms then so what people can [TS]

◼   ► pretend that's all magic and BS and it [TS]

◼   ► is equally secure to the best you know [TS]

◼   ► paper system with [TS]

◼   ► the hand recounts in all its stuff like [TS]

◼   ► all right that went a little long I [TS]

◼   ► think I was rambling there but I think [TS]

◼   ► it's alright sponsor sure hover com [TS]

◼   ► simplified domain management you've [TS]

◼   ► probably registered a domain from a [TS]

◼   ► company that they tried upsell you on [TS]

◼   ► stuff you go there you register domain [TS]

◼   ► name and the next thing you know you've [TS]

◼   ► signed up for it for five years and [TS]

◼   ► you've bought all kinds of additional [TS]

◼   ► you know back ordering things and stuff [TS]

◼   ► you didn't want or even if you are smart [TS]

◼   ► and savvy enough to disable all of those [TS]

◼   ► things as you're going through the [TS]

◼   ► checkout process they're still there and [TS]

◼   ► there's still kind of a nuisance well [TS]

◼   ► hover com does not do that these guys [TS]

◼   ► their goal is to provide you with a [TS]

◼   ► straightforward minimal clean honest [TS]

◼   ► process that makes it easy to go there [TS]

◼   ► register the domain that you want and go [TS]

◼   ► away that's what they do there's a [TS]

◼   ► search box you type in the domain name [TS]

◼   ► you want if it's available you register [TS]

◼   ► it if it's not available they'll show [TS]

◼   ► you some alternatives and that's it you [TS]

◼   ► get out there's a checkbox do you want [TS]

◼   ► to have the free who is privacy I [TS]

◼   ► believe that checked then you can go [TS]

◼   ► into your settings and make it so that [TS]

◼   ► there's like a checkbox in there that [TS]

◼   ► says that never never contact me you can [TS]

◼   ► do that if you want i don't mind them [TS]

◼   ► contacting me because they have some [TS]

◼   ► pretty cool stuff like their domain [TS]

◼   ► transfer valet service where if your [TS]

◼   ► transfer your domain from another [TS]

◼   ► registrar they'll do the entire thing [TS]

◼   ► like a human being that works there for [TS]

◼   ► free will do the whole process for you [TS]

◼   ► they have email hosting if you wanted [TS]

◼   ► they have built-in free dns which is [TS]

◼   ► what i'm pretty much using for almost [TS]

◼   ► everything now go check these guys out [TS]

◼   ► hover com / dan sent me this will get [TS]

◼   ► you ten percent off everything that you [TS]

◼   ► do or you can just use the coupon code [TS]

◼   ► dan sent me when you're buying something [TS]

◼   ► like if you're an existing customer if [TS]

◼   ► you're already there and you're [TS]

◼   ► transferring more domains there's no [TS]

◼   ► limit on how many times you can use that [TS]

◼   ► and i actually use that myself for my [TS]

◼   ► domain name registration problem my [TS]

◼   ► addiction and you can go there hover com [TS]

◼   ► such dance let me get ten percent [TS]

◼   ► hopefully you liked the experience as [TS]

◼   ► much as I do thanks very much to them [TS]

◼   ► for making the show possible what you [TS]

◼   ► got next John and before we move on one [TS]

◼   ► point that a lot of these bits of [TS]

◼   ► feedback oh I got a turned off all right [TS]

◼   ► a lot of these bits of feedback about [TS]

◼   ► voting kind of matter of factly state [TS]

◼   ► that the way they're voting system works [TS]

◼   ► in their country the voting system do [TS]

◼   ► they like usually it that involves [TS]

◼   ► government-issued ID right and from [TS]

◼   ► coming from a u.s. perspective the rest [TS]

◼   ► of the world probably thinks we're crazy [TS]

◼   ► but this just goes to show it like you [TS]

◼   ► know and in the same way that I don't [TS]

◼   ► think that the average person needs to [TS]

◼   ► understand the math involved for a [TS]

◼   ► cryptographic voting system to [TS]

◼   ► eventually be considered secure people [TS]

◼   ► and the rest of world don't think twice [TS]

◼   ► about having government-issued ID and [TS]

◼   ► having to show it at the polls to vote [TS]

◼   ► whereas an America that is a very very [TS]

◼   ► big issue and some of the same people is [TS]

◼   ► that you know don't you understand it [TS]

◼   ► has to be a paper ballot has to be hand [TS]

◼   ► candid and of course you have your [TS]

◼   ► government issue date I'm turn around [TS]

◼   ► said don't you understand you can't [TS]

◼   ► require government issued ID and say [TS]

◼   ► well what how can you vote without a [TS]

◼   ► government issue lady how do we even [TS]

◼   ► know who's what it again you know [TS]

◼   ► everyone has their personal hang-ups [TS]

◼   ► culturally personally then not all of [TS]

◼   ► them are based on logic so in the same [TS]

◼   ► in the same way that I'm saying to these [TS]

◼   ► people that owe you know you you know it [TS]

◼   ► doesn't need to be done with rocks when [TS]

◼   ► that they would say to us you know you [TS]

◼   ► have to have a government ID to vote how [TS]

◼   ► can you vote without that it's just [TS]

◼   ► stupid and I can't talk about this too [TS]

◼   ► much without getting into politics or US [TS]

◼   ► politics we just go show that the rest [TS]

◼   ► of the world is different like and I [TS]

◼   ► don't think most of the feedback even [TS]

◼   ► acknowledge that they were just like let [TS]

◼   ► me explain how it works in the civilized [TS]

◼   ► world we use rocks and pieces of paper [TS]

◼   ► and a government-issued ID it's like [TS]

◼   ► that's not gonna fly in the US that's no [TS]

◼   ► ah people are strange when you're a [TS]

◼   ► stranger is that it yes that is the [TS]

◼   ► correct Jim arson doors lyrics okay all [TS]

◼   ► right so let's move on to the main topic [TS]

◼   ► today and this could be short how many [TS]

◼   ► more sponsors do we have we have two [TS]

◼   ► more so we'll space them out alright so [TS]

◼   ► don't let me go too long alright gotta [TS]

◼   ► finish this topic is as teasing the last [TS]

◼   ► show it's about using ARM processors all [TS]

◼   ► caps a RM instead of Intel processors on [TS]

◼   ► max right and it is spawned by this [TS]

◼   ► business we guard [TS]

◼   ► from that a week ago titled Apple said [TS]

◼   ► to be exploring switch from Intel for [TS]

◼   ► Mac that is bad headline because it is [TS]

◼   ► awkward right here's a little synopsis [TS]

◼   ► thing Apple exploring ways to replace [TS]

◼   ► Intel processors in its Mac personal [TS]

◼   ► computers with a version of the chip [TS]

◼   ► technology uses in the iphone or ipad [TS]

◼   ► according to people familiar with the [TS]

◼   ► company's research people familiar with [TS]

◼   ► Apple engineers have grown confident [TS]

◼   ► that the chip designs used for its [TS]

◼   ► mobile devices will one day be powerful [TS]

◼   ► enough to run its desktops and laptops [TS]

◼   ► said three people knowledgeable of with [TS]

◼   ► knowledge of the work drank who has to [TS]

◼   ► remain anonymous because the plans are [TS]

◼   ► confidential alright so typically Fuzzle [TS]

◼   ► esource thing and mostly gonna use as [TS]

◼   ► articles a jumping-off point for a [TS]

◼   ► discussion about this idea and i'm going [TS]

◼   ► to give sort of a cliff notes background [TS]

◼   ► on what i think are the important issues [TS]

◼   ► behind this if you know anything about [TS]

◼   ► cpu technology and none of this is going [TS]

◼   ► to be new information and i apologize [TS]

◼   ► but most of the time i do a show like [TS]

◼   ► this i get positive feedback from the [TS]

◼   ► people who may not be you know nerds in [TS]

◼   ► this particular section of the topic so [TS]

◼   ► if you're a tech nerd you can tune out [TS]

◼   ► for a while and just wait till the end [TS]

◼   ► when i get to some conclusions and but [TS]

◼   ► if you're not i hope i will at least [TS]

◼   ► teach you something in broad strokes [TS]

◼   ► that you may not have known too much [TS]

◼   ► about before alright so let's start with [TS]

◼   ► the risk versus sisk you know those [TS]

◼   ► stand for damn i do not remember i used [TS]

◼   ► to know and back in college I there you [TS]

◼   ► go you'll be one of those people I was [TS]

◼   ► getting value out of the section that's [TS]

◼   ► round all right so these are all caps [TS]

◼   ► are is C and C is C rse is reduced [TS]

◼   ► instruction set computing on complex [TS]

◼   ► instruction set computing yeah you go [TS]

◼   ► pulling stuff up all right no as you as [TS]

◼   ► soon as you said the first and i [TS]

◼   ► remembered second yeah this is one of [TS]

◼   ► those i think it's pretty much like a [TS]

◼   ► backronym where the the acronym Sisk [TS]

◼   ► didn't invent didn't exist until the [TS]

◼   ► acronym risk was invented someone can [TS]

◼   ► send me reckons it out but it's kind of [TS]

◼   ► like oh I have an idea and I've given [TS]

◼   ► name and I'm also going to give a name [TS]

◼   ► to your idea because my idea is better [TS]

◼   ► than your idea and I without contrast [TS]

◼   ► them and yours as complex as my [TS]

◼   ► introduce anyway this was a hot debate I [TS]

◼   ► know decade ago longer yeah it's a [TS]

◼   ► couple other i would say longer because [TS]

◼   ► i remember the well this came this is [TS]

◼   ► the whole spark vs intel thing its like [TS]

◼   ► the 90's yeah mid late nineties even [TS]

◼   ► before that does there's a bunch of [TS]

◼   ► articles from ARS technica that are [TS]

◼   ► great to look at this prism the show [TS]

◼   ► notes one is called risk versus sisk the [TS]

◼   ► post risk era by John Stokes from 1999 [TS]

◼   ► that's a really old one and there's also [TS]

◼   ► risk versus Sisk in the mobile error [TS]

◼   ► also by John Stokes in 2008 if you want [TS]

◼   ► nerdier backgrounds on this stuff I [TS]

◼   ► suggest reading those articles all right [TS]

◼   ► but I'm going to give you the cliff [TS]

◼   ► notes version so first let's start with [TS]

◼   ► you know reduced instruction set [TS]

◼   ► computing complex instructions I [TS]

◼   ► computing what the heck is an [TS]

◼   ► instruction set instructions that is [TS]

◼   ► basically the list of things that you [TS]

◼   ► can ask a processor to do like you build [TS]

◼   ► this little piece of hardware and you [TS]

◼   ► have to talk to it and what can you tell [TS]

◼   ► it to do it is the API for the processor [TS]

◼   ► using the parlance of our time yeah cuz [TS]

◼   ► there's only you know what can you tell [TS]

◼   ► a processor to do this limited set of [TS]

◼   ► things you can tell it to do and you [TS]

◼   ► have to define them can you it can you [TS]

◼   ► tell the process of dad two numbers [TS]

◼   ► together probably right so how do you do [TS]

◼   ► that while you tell this instruction and [TS]

◼   ► you put this number here in this number [TS]

◼   ► that you know there's a list of things [TS]

◼   ► that you can tell it to do did you ever [TS]

◼   ► get assembly I sure did okay surely did [TS]

◼   ► yes too much assembly so how it works is [TS]

◼   ► that you know these days is source code [TS]

◼   ► is compiled the machine code which is [TS]

◼   ► like a list of instructions for the CPU [TS]

◼   ► and the CPU reads those instructions [TS]

◼   ► from memory and execute them right [TS]

◼   ► machine code is a turd term you don't [TS]

◼   ► hear thrown around too much today mostly [TS]

◼   ► because not that relevant but what it [TS]

◼   ► what it comes down to is just a bunch of [TS]

◼   ► numbers right it's going to read a bunch [TS]

◼   ► of numbers from memory and it's going to [TS]

◼   ► interpret them in a certain way that's [TS]

◼   ► like oh when I see the number five that [TS]

◼   ► means the add instruction and then the [TS]

◼   ► next number is the one thing I'm adding [TS]

◼   ► in the next number is the other thing [TS]

◼   ► I'm [TS]

◼   ► it's not really like that but that's [TS]

◼   ► that's the idea ah almost nobody writes [TS]

◼   ► machine code in the end these days uh [TS]

◼   ► maybe people who would like me and [TS]

◼   ► undergraduate course had to design their [TS]

◼   ► own CPUs and then program with machine [TS]

◼   ► code ended up writing machine code where [TS]

◼   ► you just literally write a series of [TS]

◼   ► numbers it is like the least human [TS]

◼   ► friendly way to program I guess toggle [TS]

◼   ► switches we worked so if you couldn't [TS]

◼   ► even type the numbers in you had to do [TS]

◼   ► them their binary representation with [TS]

◼   ► toggle switches that would be worse but [TS]

◼   ► no one does that right assembly which is [TS]

◼   ► a term you may have heard assembly code [TS]

◼   ► is kind of like a symbolic version a [TS]

◼   ► machine code instead of having my number [TS]

◼   ► five you decide to if you type a DD the [TS]

◼   ► word ad we're going to tell us the ad [TS]

◼   ► instructor so you don't have to remember [TS]

◼   ► that the add instruction is number five [TS]

◼   ► you just type in a DD and then the next [TS]

◼   ► thing you type in a bunch of letters it [TS]

◼   ► says where it's getting one number from [TS]

◼   ► and you know whatever it's much nicer [TS]

◼   ► for human beings to not have to type [TS]

◼   ► just a series of numbers they want words [TS]

◼   ► or and so they just basically map the [TS]

◼   ► words two numbers you take that assembly [TS]

◼   ► code you run it through an assembler it [TS]

◼   ► reads the little words it converts them [TS]

◼   ► into the actual numbers and then the [TS]

◼   ► Machine execute those numbers and those [TS]

◼   ► little words or those numbers that's [TS]

◼   ► your instruction set about you've got an [TS]

◼   ► add obstruction or subtract instruction [TS]

◼   ► and compare instructional also the stuff [TS]

◼   ► they have numbers assigned to them you [TS]

◼   ► write an assembly code the CPU is not [TS]

◼   ► executing assembly code your assemblers [TS]

◼   ► looking at the assembly code converting [TS]

◼   ► them pretty much one to one into their [TS]

◼   ► equivalent numbers putting them into [TS]

◼   ► memory than getting the CPU to slurp [TS]

◼   ► those instructions out of memory and [TS]

◼   ► then go through each one execute it and [TS]

◼   ► so and so forth right now people used to [TS]

◼   ► write programs in assembly a lot more [TS]

◼   ► than they do today now almost no one was [TS]

◼   ► writing a machine code in our lifetimes [TS]

◼   ► button assembly you know people used to [TS]

◼   ► write programs that huge parts of the [TS]

◼   ► original mac operating system were [TS]

◼   ► written in assembly not just the drivers [TS]

◼   ► or you know anything you would think [TS]

◼   ► it's like low-level code but just like [TS]

◼   ► huge parts of the actual operating is [TS]

◼   ► like parts of the mac toolbox that did [TS]

◼   ► the GUI like buttons and dialogues and [TS]

◼   ► menus big parts of that were in an [TS]

◼   ► assembly a lot of the reason they're [TS]

◼   ► written assembly is because assembly is [TS]

◼   ► like you know that's you talking almost [TS]

◼   ► directly to the cpu granted you're [TS]

◼   ► writing in a symbolic language thick is [TS]

◼   ► converted into numbers but it's very [TS]

◼   ► close to one to one correspondence is [TS]

◼   ► what's going on inside the CPU so if you [TS]

◼   ► want to wring every last piece of [TS]

◼   ► performance out soon as I look CPU I [TS]

◼   ► gotta tell you do this then you're going [TS]

◼   ► to do this and [TS]

◼   ► you're going to put the result there and [TS]

◼   ► the next instructor not going to take [TS]

◼   ► that result from there and put it over [TS]

◼   ► here like very low level direct you know [TS]

◼   ► not not a big layer of abstraction [TS]

◼   ► between you and telling the CPU what to [TS]

◼   ► do and assembly code can be very small [TS]

◼   ► and very clever and do interesting [TS]

◼   ► things so and memory was very tight back [TS]

◼   ► then so large parts of the back-up rings [TS]

◼   ► is written in assembly and if you're [TS]

◼   ► writing anything in assembly what you [TS]

◼   ► want is a a processor that has lots of [TS]

◼   ► powerful instructions for assembly right [TS]

◼   ► you wanted to be able to write an [TS]

◼   ► instruction to this cpu where do [TS]

◼   ► something useful for you all right so [TS]

◼   ► here's an example of what later became [TS]

◼   ► known as complex instruction set [TS]

◼   ► computer single command that says take a [TS]

◼   ► piece of memory from location a and move [TS]

◼   ► that piece of memory into a different [TS]

◼   ► place in memory location B that seems [TS]

◼   ► like the simplest possible instruction [TS]

◼   ► you can do but it's not it's actually [TS]

◼   ► pretty complicated because you were [TS]

◼   ► telling the CPU go into Ram fine address [TS]

◼   ► 57 take the stuff that's there take a [TS]

◼   ► bite take a word dick a bubble or take [TS]

◼   ► some piece of memory and then move it to [TS]

◼   ► a different place in memory address 122 [TS]

◼   ► right that is actually relatively [TS]

◼   ► complicated because there's no way you [TS]

◼   ► know it's it has to you have to the CPU [TS]

◼   ► have to pull the thing out of memory [TS]

◼   ► hold it for a second and then stick it [TS]

◼   ► into another place but if you were [TS]

◼   ► writing if you were had to write [TS]

◼   ► assembly you would want to be able to [TS]

◼   ► write that you wouldn't want to have to [TS]

◼   ► write take the thing that's in memory [TS]

◼   ► location 57 pull it into the CPU take it [TS]

◼   ► out of the CPU and stick it into memory [TS]

◼   ► location 256 you just want to say just [TS]

◼   ► move it from 56 to 27 or whatever you [TS]

◼   ► just one instruction right that is an [TS]

◼   ► example of a complex instruction set it [TS]

◼   ► it's you can imagine the the individual [TS]

◼   ► steps that you want to do but you don't [TS]

◼   ► want to have to write those individual [TS]

◼   ► step you just want to sell cheap cell is [TS]

◼   ► super you look let's move this thing [TS]

◼   ► from one place to the other because if [TS]

◼   ► you didn't you have to write three [TS]

◼   ► instructions every time you just want it [TS]

◼   ► to move something from one thing it so [TS]

◼   ► the race back then was to make CPUs that [TS]

◼   ► had really fancy instructions so that if [TS]

◼   ► you're writing an assembler or even if [TS]

◼   ► you're writing a compiler or whatever [TS]

◼   ► you're like I don't need to handhold the [TS]

◼   ► CPU I can say [TS]

◼   ► here's what I want you to do you figure [TS]

◼   ► out how to do it I don't care how you do [TS]

◼   ► it but I have a very powerful [TS]

◼   ► complicated instruction and you do that [TS]

◼   ► the way you want it that's complex [TS]

◼   ► instruction set computing because that [TS]

◼   ► they all the CPU makers are trying to [TS]

◼   ► make you know my CPU has an instruction [TS]

◼   ► and lets you you know compared to [TS]

◼   ► strings to see whether they're equal [TS]

◼   ► just making this up but like like wow I [TS]

◼   ► don't even have to go through the [TS]

◼   ► individual steps of that the CPU will [TS]

◼   ► just do it itself that's a great CPU [TS]

◼   ► it's powerful it's awesome right who [TS]

◼   ► wouldn't like that John right alright so [TS]

◼   ► here's here this kind of thing falls [TS]

◼   ► down and I'm going to go into a crazy [TS]

◼   ► analogy that's not even remotely close [TS]

◼   ► to being correct but hopefully give you [TS]

◼   ► just what's going on right so I'm going [TS]

◼   ► to say that this the complex instruction [TS]

◼   ► set computing having very powerful [TS]

◼   ► instructions I can tell the computer to [TS]

◼   ► do this complicated thing is kind of [TS]

◼   ► like a sewing machine and there's a [TS]

◼   ► particular sewing machine animated gift [TS]

◼   ► that I tried to find on the web I found [TS]

◼   ► like eight thousand versions of it I put [TS]

◼   ► one in the chat room here I have you [TS]

◼   ► seen this one you're looking at chat [TS]

◼   ► room I am looking let me see oh yeah [TS]

◼   ► this is very essence old one that's [TS]

◼   ► great there's a glier ones too but for [TS]

◼   ► people who don't know how sewing [TS]

◼   ► machines work or have never used a [TS]

◼   ► sewing machine take a look of his [TS]

◼   ► animation you see all seen sewing [TS]

◼   ► machines it's like a big machine with [TS]

◼   ► like a needle and you put fabric down on [TS]

◼   ► a table and you slide it into needle [TS]

◼   ► needles up and down really fast up and [TS]

◼   ► down up and down up and down you feed [TS]

◼   ► the material through it and so does [TS]

◼   ► things together this animation shows you [TS]

◼   ► what's actually going on it also [TS]

◼   ► explains the mystery of the bobbin yeah [TS]

◼   ► like when the needle goes down in a song [TS]

◼   ► machine it's not just just punching a [TS]

◼   ► string through and pulling it back up [TS]

◼   ► because that wouldn't work we'll just [TS]

◼   ► make a series of holes all right there's [TS]

◼   ► a thread threaded through the needle and [TS]

◼   ► when it goes down through the fabric [TS]

◼   ► into the table below it is a little [TS]

◼   ► bobbin that basically takes some thread [TS]

◼   ► that's on the bobbin and weave it [TS]

◼   ► through the thread that came down with [TS]

◼   ► the needle and you get stitches so if [TS]

◼   ► you stare at this gif animation long [TS]

◼   ► enough you should get an idea of like [TS]

◼   ► the basics of how a sewing machine works [TS]

◼   ► and it's actually you see what it's [TS]

◼   ► doing it's like you know if a human [TS]

◼   ► being was doing it they wouldn't [TS]

◼   ► probably do it in this exactly this way [TS]

◼   ► but you end up getting a bunch of [TS]

◼   ► interlocked stitches with one set of [TS]

◼   ► thread going down the needle and the [TS]

◼   ► other set of thread on the bobbin and [TS]

◼   ► the interlock with each other and so two [TS]

◼   ► pieces of fabric together and so this is [TS]

◼   ► a pretty ingenious machine I also put in [TS]

◼   ► two links to a very old show called the [TS]

◼   ► secret [TS]

◼   ► life of machines oh yeah which was a [TS]

◼   ► british show most notable to my young [TS]

◼   ► American self as the program where i [TS]

◼   ► learned what sticky tape is as opposed [TS]

◼   ► to non sticky tape i guess that's what [TS]

◼   ► they call scotch tape and Scotch is the [TS]

◼   ► name brand anyway put a link to that in [TS]

◼   ► the show notes it's like The Secret Life [TS]

◼   ► machine is a sewing machine part 1 and [TS]

◼   ► part 2 I actually encourage you to watch [TS]

◼   ► these things yes they look like they're [TS]

◼   ► on terrible video from the 70s or 80s [TS]

◼   ► and the people have British accents and [TS]

◼   ► they're blurry but really watch it and I [TS]

◼   ► think by the end of watching these [TS]

◼   ► programs unlike by the end of this [TS]

◼   ► podcast you will actually understand how [TS]

◼   ► sewing machines work and I think it's [TS]

◼   ► important because you can see you know [TS]

◼   ► how how they figured out how to do this [TS]

◼   ► how to take this very complex series of [TS]

◼   ► motions having one piece of thread [TS]

◼   ► threaded through a hole in fabric and [TS]

◼   ► take another piece of thread and loop it [TS]

◼   ► through that and then come back out how [TS]

◼   ► can you do that like without having a [TS]

◼   ► human being threading things through a [TS]

◼   ► little hole and guiding it through and [TS]

◼   ► the Machine they came up with to do it [TS]

◼   ► looks almost nothing like it would look [TS]

◼   ► like if your hands did it but it it is [TS]

◼   ► you know basically the bobbin is being [TS]

◼   ► passed through not literally but you [TS]

◼   ► know effectively the threat on the [TS]

◼   ► bobbin is being passed through a loop [TS]

◼   ► brought down by the other needle and [TS]

◼   ► it's quite an interesting little machine [TS]

◼   ► right this is very close to [TS]

◼   ► philosophically what Sisk is like like [TS]

◼   ► if you had to explain someone how to sew [TS]

◼   ► two things together uh with a particular [TS]

◼   ► locking stitch that holds two pieces of [TS]

◼   ► fabric together you can do it but that's [TS]

◼   ► a lot of steps and you'll be like [TS]

◼   ► wouldn't it be better if I could just [TS]

◼   ► sort of feed a piece of fabric through a [TS]

◼   ► machine I say it machine look just do [TS]

◼   ► that stitch thing I don't wanna have to [TS]

◼   ► tell you all the individual steps so it [TS]

◼   ► basically comes down to is you gotta [TS]

◼   ► punch needle through and then something [TS]

◼   ► grabs little thing and then you gotta [TS]

◼   ► have a little bobbin it tucks its thread [TS]

◼   ► through there but I don't have typed I [TS]

◼   ► just want to have instruction called [TS]

◼   ► stitch and I hit a pedal on the floor [TS]

◼   ► anything goes stitch and I'm I just hold [TS]

◼   ► down that pedal go stitch stitch stitch [TS]

◼   ► stitch stage so I can feed the fabric [TS]

◼   ► through and I've made a sewing machine [TS]

◼   ► is awesome sisk processors were like [TS]

◼   ► sewing machines and the cooler steps [TS]

◼   ► they could do the more interesting [TS]

◼   ► stitches that they could do the more [TS]

◼   ► powerful those CPUs were but like a [TS]

◼   ► sewing machine like there's a limit on [TS]

◼   ► how fast the sewing machine can do what [TS]

◼   ► it does if you stare at that animation [TS]

◼   ► you're like okay how fast can this [TS]

◼   ► animation go can I do like five [TS]

◼   ► just a second ten stitches a second [TS]

◼   ► maybe tonight of 20 maybe but now you [TS]

◼   ► know my 20 stitches a second that's [TS]

◼   ► pretty darn fast can you make a machine [TS]

◼   ► that performs a series of complicated [TS]

◼   ► moves that best can I do 200,000 [TS]

◼   ► stitches a second probably not someone [TS]

◼   ► someone from the industrial sewing [TS]

◼   ► machine world will send me some feedback [TS]

◼   ► on this show and tell me how fast the [TS]

◼   ► fastest sewing machine in the world can [TS]

◼   ► go go but like at a certain point [TS]

◼   ► pressing the pedal to do one stitch and [TS]

◼   ► it's like you told me to do one stitch [TS]

◼   ► and I got into this series of 27 really [TS]

◼   ► complicated steps and the steps depend [TS]

◼   ► on each other the kind of interlocked [TS]

◼   ► and you know you get into issues of like [TS]

◼   ► physics of things hurtling past each [TS]

◼   ► other and you can't thread this thing [TS]

◼   ► through until the needle comes down but [TS]

◼   ► you got to make sure the needle is all [TS]

◼   ► the way down before you grab it then you [TS]

◼   ► but you have to start and stop a piece [TS]

◼   ► of machinery from moving it's there is a [TS]

◼   ► limit how fast a sewing machine can [TS]

◼   ► operate compare that limit of how fast [TS]

◼   ► can I make this little sewing machine [TS]

◼   ► thing go compare that limit to how fast [TS]

◼   ► an electric motor can spin just plain [TS]

◼   ► old straight barrel electric motor a [TS]

◼   ► sewing machine you know a thousand rpm [TS]

◼   ► 100 rpm and you know stitches per minute [TS]

◼   ► rotations from it or whatever how many [TS]

◼   ► stitches can you make per second doesn't [TS]

◼   ► come close to an electric motor electric [TS]

◼   ► motor can do tens of thousands of [TS]

◼   ► rotations per minute a electric motor [TS]

◼   ► can spend very very fast you just you [TS]

◼   ► know it you put it in some really good [TS]

◼   ► ball bearings you have some magnets in a [TS]

◼   ► coil of wire and electricity maybe you [TS]

◼   ► even magnetically levitates spindles so [TS]

◼   ► there's no friction except for air that [TS]

◼   ► you could suck the air out of it to make [TS]

◼   ► it a vacuum you know you can make [TS]

◼   ► electric motor spin really fast because [TS]

◼   ► all does is spin there's no oscillating [TS]

◼   ► parts there's no thread going through a [TS]

◼   ► piece of fabric and one piece of thread [TS]

◼   ► being shoved through a nose but it's [TS]

◼   ► just spinning that's all does it rotates [TS]

◼   ► around again and again and you can do [TS]

◼   ► that really really really fast and if [TS]

◼   ► you want to make that luxury motor go [TS]

◼   ► really fast you know right where you [TS]

◼   ► have to concentrate what are the things [TS]

◼   ► stopping me from going too fast friction [TS]

◼   ► uh that the force inside of the thing [TS]

◼   ► I'm making it spin apart if it goes too [TS]

◼   ► fast you know that isn't the centripetal [TS]

◼   ► force on the outsides of the piece of [TS]

◼   ► metal causing to disintegrate but those [TS]

◼   ► limits are way higher than the limits of [TS]

◼   ► a sewing machine if you had a contest [TS]

◼   ► between the best engineers in the world [TS]

◼   ► how fast can you make a sewing machine [TS]

◼   ► go versus how fast can you make an [TS]

◼   ► electrical [TS]

◼   ► the electric motor guys would destroy [TS]

◼   ► the sewing machine and sew the risk [TS]

◼   ► philosophy was that they figured this [TS]

◼   ► out you know they said all right we're [TS]

◼   ► making these awesome cpu's with these [TS]

◼   ► really complicated instructions but geez [TS]

◼   ► every time we try to make these things [TS]

◼   ► go faster like how fast can we make that [TS]

◼   ► instruction to do some complicated [TS]

◼   ► operation I guess of all these steps [TS]

◼   ► involved and they're all interlocked [TS]

◼   ► with each other and this limit how fast [TS]

◼   ► I can go with that what if we make the [TS]

◼   ► CPU equivalent of that electric motor [TS]

◼   ► where what it does is really stupid and [TS]

◼   ► simple but we can do it really really [TS]

◼   ► fast uh and so that's that's a little [TS]

◼   ► definition of risk here from the the [TS]

◼   ► Wikipedia article CPU design strategy [TS]

◼   ► based on the inside that simplified as [TS]

◼   ► opposed to complex instructions can [TS]

◼   ► provide higher performance this [TS]

◼   ► simplicity enables much faster execution [TS]

◼   ► of each instruction so an example of a [TS]

◼   ► RISC architecture is the ARM [TS]

◼   ► architecture it's a emergency for acorn [TS]

◼   ► risc machines i believe and i forget [TS]

◼   ► what they we went through a [TS]

◼   ► senate-passed show I'm not gonna look it [TS]

◼   ► up again there's only the second we have [TS]

◼   ► feedback about if any way is a risk [TS]

◼   ► machine and they use called like load [TS]

◼   ► store architectures and the reason load [TS]

◼   ► store architecture comes up is because [TS]

◼   ► given that complex instruction operation [TS]

◼   ► from before take a piece of memory from [TS]

◼   ► location 57 and move it to 128 on the [TS]

◼   ► risc cpu that would be read the location [TS]

◼   ► 57 into register one right location [TS]

◼   ► right register one out into location in [TS]

◼   ► 256 so it would be two operations [TS]

◼   ► instead of one I may have gotten that [TS]

◼   ► wrong with the details so basically you [TS]

◼   ► can take any complicated operation and [TS]

◼   ► decompose it into simpler operations so [TS]

◼   ► the move from one place member to [TS]

◼   ► another it's going to have to go through [TS]

◼   ► the CPU anyway there is no instruction [TS]

◼   ► that says move it from the settle [TS]

◼   ► occasion the other one you have to issue [TS]

◼   ► the two taken from here put it to their [TS]

◼   ► take a rear porter there and that seems [TS]

◼   ► like a loss like wasn't it much better [TS]

◼   ► when you could just tell it to move from [TS]

◼   ► one place to the other but in actuality [TS]

◼   ► because those those risk instructions [TS]

◼   ► are so simple you can make them go much [TS]

◼   ► faster and you can interleave them with [TS]

◼   ► each other and duels all sorts of other [TS]

◼   ► things because the instructions [TS]

◼   ► themselves are small and so everything [TS]

◼   ► about risk machines was designed to be [TS]

◼   ► more like the electric motor and less [TS]

◼   ► like the sewing machine they [TS]

◼   ► won't have any special hardware special [TS]

◼   ► registers that only serve a single [TS]

◼   ► purpose when you divide two numbers the [TS]

◼   ► result always goes in this register they [TS]

◼   ► wanted to have a big very uniform [TS]

◼   ► register file with lots of what they [TS]

◼   ► call general purpose registers we're [TS]

◼   ► like when you divide two numbers the [TS]

◼   ► result doesn't always have to go into [TS]

◼   ► this register it can go in any of the [TS]

◼   ► registers in fact all the registers the [TS]

◼   ► same and we have a bunch of them because [TS]

◼   ► there's going to be a bunch of these [TS]

◼   ► little tiny instructions and flight at [TS]

◼   ► once and maybe we can put more than [TS]

◼   ► parallel and intro leave them with each [TS]

◼   ► other we just want to make it regular [TS]

◼   ► and uniform they did stuff like uh you [TS]

◼   ► know either discouraging or outright [TS]

◼   ► forbidding unaligned memory access you [TS]

◼   ► know old machines would be like we can [TS]

◼   ► read memory anywhere you don't have to [TS]

◼   ► start from a particular location you [TS]

◼   ► just tell me you can read you a bite at [TS]

◼   ► a time from anywhere in memory and then [TS]

◼   ► risk machines are more like now you can [TS]

◼   ► only do a line memory access you have to [TS]

◼   ► start on on a you know a multiple of 32 [TS]

◼   ► bits or multiple 16 bits or something [TS]

◼   ► some of the trunk like that if that's [TS]

◼   ► inconvenient for you tough luck take up [TS]

◼   ► the bigger piece bring it into the CPU [TS]

◼   ► chop it up how you want uh and it's [TS]

◼   ► basically you know making it much much [TS]

◼   ► less pleasant to program an assembly [TS]

◼   ► language because you're getting a bit [TS]

◼   ► much dumber simpler machine that has [TS]

◼   ► much more limitations and so many ones [TS]

◼   ► into assembly programming be like I [TS]

◼   ► don't want to program a risc cpu I got [TS]

◼   ► to tell it how to do everything and have [TS]

◼   ► instructions i wanted to aren't even [TS]

◼   ► there I can't even pull a byte of memory [TS]

◼   ► from here I gotta pull like 32 bits of [TS]

◼   ► memory and mask it to get the bytes I [TS]

◼   ► want and it's just this terrible right [TS]

◼   ► uh that's not what I was designed for it [TS]

◼   ► was designed for an age where compilers [TS]

◼   ► right that for you and optimize it for [TS]

◼   ► you purely because like the electric [TS]

◼   ► motor they could spin a risc cpu really [TS]

◼   ► really fast and in CPU world spinning [TS]

◼   ► really fast is the clock speed it's [TS]

◼   ► megahertz how many instructions per [TS]

◼   ► second or how many cycles per second can [TS]

◼   ► can happen oh the other thing that had [TS]

◼   ► done these on risky p uses they would [TS]

◼   ► try to make almost every single [TS]

◼   ► instruction executes in a single clock [TS]

◼   ► not everyone because this you know [TS]

◼   ► complicated division instructions and [TS]

◼   ► stuff like that but they would want they [TS]

◼   ► would not want to have an instruction [TS]

◼   ► like a one sis cpus where it's some big [TS]

◼   ► complicated instruction like the song [TS]

◼   ► machine it takes 17 cycles to execute [TS]

◼   ► you know adding two numbers here they [TS]

◼   ► wanted all their instructions to be so [TS]

◼   ► simple that every single one of them [TS]

◼   ► executed in a single cycle except for [TS]

◼   ► maybe a couple of outliers so again the [TS]

◼   ► entire instruction set the entire CPU [TS]

◼   ► architecture was designed to make the [TS]

◼   ► CPU go fast and not to make assembly [TS]

◼   ► programmers like you [TS]

◼   ► ye're and and or you know anything like [TS]

◼   ► that they've expected a compiler to spit [TS]

◼   ► out this stuff all right let me see what [TS]

◼   ► up man these are there's some good rants [TS]

◼   ► for me today yeah I'm really revisiting [TS]

◼   ► old territory all right let's do the [TS]

◼   ► second sponsor lynda.com online learning [TS]

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◼   ► video tutorials i call them screencasts [TS]

◼   ► they call video tutorials they're gonna [TS]

◼   ► have to they're you know that's their [TS]

◼   ► thing they know what the call they teach [TS]

◼   ► you stuff they teach you everything from [TS]

◼   ► design photography business programming [TS]

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◼   ► to everything that's in there so that [TS]

◼   ► you can teach yourself stop from experts [TS]

◼   ► they have experts who are working in the [TS]

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◼   ► creating these things teaching these [TS]

◼   ► things and selling them there and it's [TS]

◼   ► really really cool I love learning with [TS]

◼   ► screencast and of course I mean I'm [TS]

◼   ► probably biased because I've made [TS]

◼   ► screencast before I used to make a [TS]

◼   ► living doing screencast but I love this [TS]

◼   ► stuff it's over on lynda.com that [TS]

◼   ► spelled ly n da lynda.com membership [TS]

◼   ► starts at 25 bucks a month but you get [TS]

◼   ► unlimited 24 by 7 access to the best [TS]

◼   ► videos out there they made a special URL [TS]

◼   ► you can visit linda.com / 5 by 5 and if [TS]

◼   ► you go there you'll get seven days for [TS]

◼   ► free access to everything seven days [TS]

◼   ► free and you'll support the show you'll [TS]

◼   ► make John Happ you'll make me happy [TS]

◼   ► Linda calm / 5 / 5 check them out so we [TS]

◼   ► got some numbers on actual risk and CPUs [TS]

◼   ► in terms of number of registers and [TS]

◼   ► stuff just to reinforce the point about [TS]

◼   ► the register whether they call the [TS]

◼   ► register file how many differenter says [TS]

◼   ► you have so the PowerPC cpu used to be [TS]

◼   ► in max that's also a risc cpu and like i [TS]

◼   ► said risks abused and have way more [TS]

◼   ► registers and they're all kind of you [TS]

◼   ► know no special purpose registers or few [TS]

◼   ► special purpose or mostly generate lots [TS]

◼   ► of general-purpose registers so power [TS]

◼   ► busy had 32 general purpose registers [TS]

◼   ► and 32 floating point registers and and [TS]

◼   ► compared to x86 intel chips back when [TS]

◼   ► they were 16 bit x86 chips [TS]

◼   ► had six registers which were kind of [TS]

◼   ► sort of dedicated special purpose not [TS]

◼   ► all them are really general sort of like [TS]

◼   ► I said you know when you did a divided [TS]

◼   ► instruction the result always had to go [TS]

◼   ► in a particular register and stuff like [TS]

◼   ► that plus a couple of other things for [TS]

◼   ► like stack pointers and stuff 32-bit x86 [TS]

◼   ► had six general purpose registers plus [TS]

◼   ► some extended versions of the you know [TS]

◼   ► stack pointer registers and stuff 64-bit [TS]

◼   ► they added a few more you got 14 general [TS]

◼   ► purpose registers plus the other ones [TS]

◼   ► and so you see like x86 has been trying [TS]

◼   ► to add more registers but PowerPC from [TS]

◼   ► the day was born had this you know huge [TS]

◼   ► number registered more registers than [TS]

◼   ► you would expect the human being to keep [TS]

◼   ► track of because if you're writing [TS]

◼   ► assembling you got to keep track of 32 [TS]

◼   ► registers like I will tell that i put in [TS]

◼   ► register 17 i want to add these two [TS]

◼   ► numbers together was that in register 32 [TS]

◼   ► or 57 it's just you can imagine writing [TS]

◼   ► so maybe you can remember adding [TS]

◼   ► assembly by hand and like it's hard to [TS]

◼   ► keep track of these things that they're [TS]

◼   ► all just called r 1 r 7 r 15 are three [TS]

◼   ► and they're all the same and how can you [TS]

◼   ► keep track of where anything is like [TS]

◼   ► it's totally made for a machine because [TS]

◼   ► the machine say okay I've got 32 [TS]

◼   ► registers to work with and I can just [TS]

◼   ► keep track of them and have sort of a [TS]

◼   ► register allocation algorithm I figure [TS]

◼   ► out how to use them when I compile this [TS]

◼   ► code it's much better for a machine a [TS]

◼   ► floating point is a good example to on [TS]

◼   ► x86 based have a separate floating-point [TS]

◼   ► unit called the x87 stack-based [TS]

◼   ► floating-point unit which was a a [TS]

◼   ► dedicated separate little thing itself [TS]

◼   ► would eventually moved on die but it was [TS]

◼   ► stack base where you put your number [TS]

◼   ► push another number and then push on a [TS]

◼   ► multiplication would multiply the top [TS]

◼   ► two numbers on the stack but you could [TS]

◼   ► also reach down lower into the stack and [TS]

◼   ► do stuff and I it's not really conducive [TS]

◼   ► to parallelization because when you have [TS]

◼   ► a stack it's like a stack of plates [TS]

◼   ► where you pushed push two plates on the [TS]

◼   ► top and perform an operation that [TS]

◼   ► combines those two plates into one plate [TS]

◼   ► and puts the result back on top of the [TS]

◼   ► stack and if you want have 17 people [TS]

◼   ► operating at the same time on a stack [TS]

◼   ► it's not really great because of the way [TS]

◼   ► a stack works you can have some guy in [TS]

◼   ► the middle yanking things in and out [TS]

◼   ► because what if the guy on the top was [TS]

◼   ► doing yet anyway stack-based floating [TS]

◼   ► point was also a problem for them [TS]

◼   ► because it was kind of designed in in a [TS]

◼   ► different error when the most important [TS]

◼   ► thing wasn't like parallel execution and [TS]

◼   ► simplicity of things now what all is [TS]

◼   ► article that is referred to at the very [TS]

◼   ► front of the article by John Stokes were [TS]

◼   ► in reference to like Cisco versus risk [TS]

◼   ► at the post ristic post risk era that [TS]

◼   ► was all [TS]

◼   ► I'll sort of rehashing this cisco stuff [TS]

◼   ► that I just talked about and explaining [TS]

◼   ► how although that was the origin of the [TS]

◼   ► risk movement it's much less relevant [TS]

◼   ► today because these days when you have [TS]

◼   ► this x86 quote-unquote CPU have these [TS]

◼   ► complex complex instructions the way [TS]

◼   ► they work internally is they take that [TS]

◼   ► complicated instruction that says move [TS]

◼   ► something from one memory address to [TS]

◼   ► another and RAM and they break it down [TS]

◼   ► into what they call micro operations so [TS]

◼   ► they say okay even though you said move [TS]

◼   ► this data word from address here at [TS]

◼   ► address there I'm going to break that [TS]

◼   ► single instruction into two smaller [TS]

◼   ► instructions one that says get that [TS]

◼   ► thing from memory and put it into this [TS]

◼   ► register and other that says take that [TS]

◼   ► register and stick and into memory all [TS]

◼   ► right so they basically taken a sisk [TS]

◼   ► instruction set and inside the CPU break [TS]

◼   ► it down into something more [TS]

◼   ► approximating a RISC instruction set and [TS]

◼   ► the actual CPU is built to execute these [TS]

◼   ► tiny little micro operations it's not [TS]

◼   ► executing you know it doesn't the CPU [TS]

◼   ► doesn't see this big complicated [TS]

◼   ► instruction that says to do 50 things it [TS]

◼   ► sees a stream of tiny little micro [TS]

◼   ► operations that were created from those [TS]

◼   ► single instructions so they build the [TS]

◼   ► entire CPU internally to execute these [TS]

◼   ► micro operations very efficiently and [TS]

◼   ► very quickly and they just have a [TS]

◼   ► decoder part on the front on the front [TS]

◼   ► end that takes your complicated [TS]

◼   ► instruction see and it decodes it into [TS]

◼   ► these simpler ones and that's the idea [TS]

◼   ► of getting at the post risk era where [TS]

◼   ► it's like all right so the instruction [TS]